I Moved Your Cheese By Deepak Malhotra - 1875 Words

In the book I Moved Your Cheese, by Deepak Malhotra, Malhotra introduces us to three main characters, Zed, Max and Big. Zed, Max and Big are three mice that live among other mice in a maze. The daily routine of these mice consist of searching the maze for new ways to find new cheese. However, Zed, Max and Big are all free thinkers. They want to understand why the maze exists, why the cheese is constantly moving and most importantly who keeps moving their cheese. The unanimous answer on how to solve these mysteries is to get out of the maze so that they can see what answers they can find beyond the walls of the maze. In order for this to happen Zed, Max and Big had to identify their own individual strengths. Max was excitable. Max wanted to†¦show more content†¦Max cannot believe that Zed had just walked straight through one of the maze walls. This naturally amazed Max. As Max stared in disbelief at the wall, Zed yelled from the other side of the maze in agreement with Maxâ⠂¬â„¢s assertions that the outside of the maze was indeed different than the inside. The next day Max met Zed so that he could explain what he had done. Zed explained that he was able to walk through the wall because he believed in his ability to do so in the same way Max believed he could escape his way. Big was a little different, he was reserved and had his own opinions and views regarding the maze. It was Big’s consistency and preparation that made Big’s beliefs equal to that of Max and Zed’s. One day, after Big had gotten as strong as he thought he needed to be, he walked over to a wall, punched a hole in it and walked out of the maze. The years of hard work had finally paid off and Big too was now free from the maze. I believe that throughout this book Malhotra presents four very distinctive points. The first point is that when you feel trapped in the maze of life, you can plan and escape it like Max. The second point is that if you are not an action-orien ted person like Max then you can outthink the maze and find your way out like Zed. The Third point is that if you are not an action-oriented person like Max or a philosopher like Zed then you can be a builder like Big. You can find a skill that you are good at and become great at

Analysis of Plays, Fences and A Raisin in the Sun Essay

Jose Morales English 164 Dr. Kidd 08/03/2012 â€Å"Fences† and â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† Plays, â€Å"Fences† and â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† share similar plots. They take place in the mid-western United States in the 1950’s and explore the family dynamics of the African-American Family and the paradigmatic shift it experienced between two generations. The older generation, who could remember slavery by first-hand experience or by being born during a time when success for the average African-Americans was systematically stifled by racist and unconstitutional laws that were put in place when slavery was legal, and the young generation that began to show some sense of entitlement, had begun to overcome institutional barriers to succeed and empower†¦show more content†¦Although she is happy with mama’s decision to buy a house, Ruth is more concerned with receiving the affection of her husband and keeping him happy than the consequences or the moral implications his decisions will have. Ruth maintains the apartment they live in and mos t of the time, goes along with whatever Walter says. This is where Ruth and Mama differ; Mama wants Walter to be happy but not at the cost of doing something morally wrong, Ruth will do whatever it takes to make Walter happy. We see this when Ruth is contemplating having an abortion in order not to complicate living arrangements in the apartment and to allow Walter the financial means to pursue his goals. She also intends to keep it from Walter so spare him the burden of having to make a decision like that. When Mama find out about the abortion, she is appalled and says, â€Å"†¦we a people who give children life, not who destroys them.† Mama also succeeds in expressing her rich values and nurturing nature in Act III, Scene Three, when it is discovered that Walter has lost the remainder of the insurance money when his liquor store investment partner disappears with the money. Beneatha goes into a rage and openly expresses her hatred and contempt for her brother, a nd says, â€Å"He’s no brother of mine.†(Hansbury 3.3) And Mama says, †There is always something left to love. And if you aint learned that, you aint learned nothing. (Looking at her) HaveShow MoreRelatedComparing Themes of To Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Sun1962 Words   |  8 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird and A Raisin in the Sun are books both written during a time of racial tension and inequality. Harper Lee and Lorraine Hansberry lived through the civil rights movement and saw the physical and verbal harassment against African Americans. This experience is evident in both works as the theme of fighting prejudice shines through. The goal of this paper is to compare and contrast the theme in both books and how it affected both of the families. Also, throughout the paper I willRead MoreCompare/Contrast Willy Loman (Death of a Salesman) and Walter Lee Younger (a Raisin in the Sun)2823 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"May I never wake up from the American dream.† Carrie Latet describes the most sought after dream: the d ream of a house surrounded by a white picket fence, the dream people work their entire lives for, the dream people fight wars for: the American dream. However, America’s rise to industrialism in the 19th and 20th centuries replaced this dream with the desire to get rich fast. This change led people to believe that it is possible, common even, to obtain wealth rapidly; yet this is not the case.Read MoreBrand Building Blocks96400 Words   |  386 PagesAmerican express, Life insurance corporation (LIC) and Taj group of hotels have the branded services associated with their names. c) Co-Brands: Co-branding occurs when brands from different organizations combine to create an offering in which each plays a driver role. The impact of co-branding can be greater than expected when the associations of each brand are strong and complementary. A research study of Kodak showed that for a fictional entertainment device 20% of the prospect said that they wouldRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesLine 58 Understanding and Appreciating Individual Differences Important Areas of Self-Awareness 61 Emotional Intelligence 62 Values 65 Ethical Decision Making and Values 72 Cognitive Style 74 Attitudes Toward Change 76 Core Self-Evaluation 79 SKILL ANALYSIS 84 Cases Involving Self-Awareness 84 Communist Prison Camp 84 Computerized Exam 85 Decision Dilemmas 86 SKILL PRACTICE 89 Exercises for Improving Self-Awareness Through Self-Disclosure 89 Through the Looking Glass 89 Diagnosing Managerial Characteristics

Strategic Planning free essay sample

This write-up attempts to review what authors have written specifically on strategic marketing process; particularly their approach and personal philosophy vis-agrave;-vis this concept. Within the various approaches, it looks at the respective purpose and structure. Then onwards provide an analytical perspective on the SWOT analysis which seemingly, marketing gurus and authors embrace in their strategic plan in todays market environment. Review: Strategic Marketing Plan Doyle (2002) explains strategic marketing plan is concerned with adapting the organisation to a changing environment more effectively than their competitors. Organisation succeeds when they meet the needs of customers more effectively than their competitors (Doyle 2002, p. 92). The markets drivers for change (Drummond, Ensor 2003), some of which are far beyond the organisations sphere of control. Adaptability becomes an inextricable phenomenon in mainstream marketing environment. The organisation has to monitor key macroenvironmental variables (demographic, economic, technological, political, and socio-cultural) and microenvironment variables (customers, competitors, distributors, suppliers) that affect its ability to retain customers (Kotler, P. 2003). In order for it to achieve and enjoy a comparative advantage, the organisation executes a careful strategic planning, and using marketing strategies to achieve this aim (Dibb et al 2001). Hence, the notion of strategic marketing plan. Doyle advanced that a well defined strategy would incorporate the following: Scope of business; Objectives; Strategic business unit (SBU) identification; Resource allocation; Deeping sustainable advantage; Effective functional strategies (positioning, product line, price, promotion and distribution; synergy. The elements of synergy and SBU identification underlined by Doyle prove relevant to large organisations with diverse business units, products and target segments. It would serve a right purpose for management to be clear and exact about their choice of product, what business are they in,and what business do they want to be. He supports his approach with the following diagram. According to Doyle, strategic focus looks at product profitability either by increasing productivity or increasing volume by market expansion and penetration as an objective for an organisation to pursue; a marketing strategy that have seen most UK supermarkets and departmental stores adopting in South East London, for instant the ASDA supermarket. Dibb et al posits the strategic marketing process is based on the establishment of organisational goals and must stay within the bounds of organisational opportunities and resources (2001, p.656). They highlight a complex set of externalities including; political, legal, regulatory, societal and green, economic and competitive, and technological forces that border around the all popular notion of PEST (political, economic, social technological) analysis. The relationship between market opportunities and organisations goals and the availability of resources to match them in relation external forces is captured below in the diagram provided by Dibb et al (2001). The aforementioned understanding relates with that of Drummond and Ensor who also agree that the external analysis is the initial step in the process of establishing the key issues facing an organisation (2003, p. 34). Given that businesses operate in hostile and increasingly complex environment, it makes sense to try to bring some order to this chaos by understanding the commercial environment and bringing some strategic sense to the process of marketing products and services (Riley, J. G. 2005). Another distinctive element of the Dibb et al model is the focus on organisational opportunities and resources, which Doyle (2003) also highlights in his approach. A proper strategic marketing planning process would seek to identify the organisations opportunities that would be matched by the necessary and available resources. For instant a company willing to enter into a large buying consumer market like the United States of America would to seek competitive advantage over its competitors by matching adequate technological, economic, management resources. More so, Dibb et al further clarifying a major confusion over the misuse of termsstrategic marketing plan and marketing plan amongst students and marketing managers: Strategic marketing plan is a plan of all aspects of an organisations strategy in the market place marketing deals primarily with implementing marketing strategy as it relates to target markets and marketing mix (2001, p. 656). Brassington and Pettitt reiterate this distinction; strategic marketing plan deals with the total strategy in a market linking customers, competitors and organisational capability while the marketing plan is an operational element dealing with the marketing mix strategy that will be used to gained leverage in the market place (2003). Brassington and Pettitt model. The leverage in the market place is what Drummond and Ensor underline on their approach in the strategic marketing planning process as it: involves achieving a superior competitive position within a defined market. Essentially, it involves segmentation, targeting and positioning. This must address customers, competitors and internal corporate factors (2003, p. 14). Drummond and Ensor stress a strategic marketing plan should be relevant and sustainable (2003); an argument also adhered to and phrased by Doyle (2002) as sustainable differential advantage. In order for that to happen, the organisation must be competitive now and in the future and be able to accept change as an integral part of strategy (Drummond and Ensor 2003). Hiebaun (1997) underlines the fact that the strategy marketing plan demands a methodology to be followed and should begin with the companys forecast and objectives . According to him, forecast consists in answering the following question: If our market and environment tendency stays the same and continues, what will be our situation in the short, medium, and long term? We have to ask ourselves: Where is the company at right now? Where are we going? Where do we want to go? However, McDonalds (2003) cautions about the using of the forecasting system as they tend to project a current business into the future, which can work if the future is going to be the same as the present or the past; if not the business would result to lost opportunities for profit, unrealistic objectives, wasted promotional expenditure, management frustration, growing vulnerability to changes in the business environment, just to name this few. Another drawback is that Hiebauns strategic marketing model assumes a fairly accurate forecasting, and does not take in to account unexpected events. In an uncertain world, long-term forecasts cannot relied upon with a high level of confidence; many firms would have to rely on scenario planning as a tool for dealing with multiple contingencies . Whereas the marketing planning process embodies a series of managerial steps (McDonald 2003, p.39), is not simply a series of action steps; it also embodies a set of values and assumptions which, while not being explicit, are nevertheless an integral part of the whole process (McDonald 1996, p. 11). He observes that an organisation would not change its value system or culture unless something very significant take place to make such a change worthwhile. Lancaster and Waddelow (1998) explore this lagging phenomenon of organisations to embrace the tenets of the all acclaimed strategic marketing plan in their study of small-to-medium-size-enterprises. They observe that the strategic scope of a marketing plan is a daunting task which creates two major barriers of perceptions in the minds of managing directors in small-to-medium-size-enterprises. It would take too much time to complete (providing poor return for the effort expended); it will be out of date by the time it is completed (wasting precious resources) (1998, p. 2). They advanced a new methodology for small-to-medium-size-enterprises that must motivate managing directors towards planning and provide for any lapses in their will and knowledge. Such a process should be simple and appropriate; a content that has meaning and resonance; a basis of continuous development and learning (Lancaster and Waddelow 1998). Whereas the representation of strategic marketing planning process proves useful in the world of academics, it is not necessarily the straightforward, linear sequential operation (McDonald 1996). SWOT ANALYSIS Definition SWOT is the acronym of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; simply is an effective way of identifying your Strengths and Weaknesses, and of examining the Opportunities and Threats you face . It is a summary of the audit under the headings, internal strengths and weaknesses as they relate to external opportunities and threats (McDonald 2003, p. 48). Basically, a straightforward model that provides direction and serves as a basis for the development of marketing plans. This is accomplished by assessing an organizations strengths (what an organization can do) and weaknesses (what an organization cannot do) in addition to opportunities (potential favourable conditions for an organization) and threats (potential unfavourable conditions for an organization) . David Jobber sees it as a structured approach to evaluating the strategic position of a business by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threat of the marketing audit (2004, p. 44). Strengths and weaknesses are essentially associated with the audit of the internal company whereas opportunities and threats stem primarily from the external environment (Lancaster, Massingham, Ashford 2002, p. 374). Purpose of the SWOT Analysis The purpose of strategy is to be really clear before you take the direction. The point of a SWOT analysis is to have the best shot at a grounded plan, says Rashi Glazer, co-director of the Centre for Marketing and Technology at the University of California at Berkeley . SWOT analysis provides the basis upon which later stages in the strategic marketing plan depend and be used to generate thoughts for clear problem definition (Lancaster, Massingham, Ashford 2002). It provides strong evidence about what the company should and should not try to set as marketing objectives (McDonald 2003). A scan of the internal and external environment is an important part of the strategic planning process. It provides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates . That information would provide indicators that will assist the firm in accomplishing its objectives (a strength or opportunity), or if it indicates an obstacle that must be overcome or minimized to achieve desired results (weakness or threat) (Danca). The information that is used in a SWOT analysis exercise must be current and relevant to the firm; it should ensure that the following is completed : For strengths All strengths should be recognized and validated on a regular basis. The information can originate from internal evaluations by top management. A firms strengths are its resources and capabilities that can be used as a basis for developing a competitive advantage including; patents, strong brand names, good reputation amongst customers, cost advantage from proprietary know-how, exclusive access to high grade natural resources, favourable access to distribution networks (quickmba, online). For weaknesses A weakness could be lack of marketing expertise, undifferentiated products or services (i. e.in relation to your competitors), location of your business, poor quality goods or services, or damaged reputation. For opportunities Track what is being published in press releases, magazines, and market research reports for the industry. Any mention of growth or continuous trends should be noted. An opportunity could be developing market such as the Internet, mergers, joint ventures or strategic alliances, moving into new market segments that offer improved profits, a new international market, a market vacated by an ineffective competitor. For threats Closely monitor press releases of competitors. The press releases can reveal what competitors are currently doing to be competitive in the industry. A threat could be: a new competitor in your home market, price wars with competitors, a competitor has a new, innovative product or service, competitors have superior access to channels of distribution or taxation is introduced on your product or service Davis (2004) suggests that information needed to conduct a proper analysis should be verified and updated before being sent to executives. Data that will be used for the analysis must reflect the current status of the industry. If the method of collecting information is flawed, the results of the analysis will be incorrect and hence provide an assessment that can be poor and lack the proper insight to make the right decisions. Cautioning Overtime, market experts have warned about the seemingly over simplistic approached usually incorporated into the strategic marketing planning. Jobber noted strengths such as I have an old established firm, We are a larger supplier, We are technologically advanced should be questioned for their impact on customer satisfaction (2004, p. 44). A considerable improvement is needed in the way SWOT framework is understood, and used, by many organizations . Koch (2000) further suggests that in appraising effects of opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses, emphasis should be put on their combined effects, rather than on the effects of individual factors in isolation from one another. Appropriate rules must be developed and observed in every SWOT analysis if it is to produce reliable inputs into strategy generation. Koch developed what he referred as the SECURE model (shown below) aimed at circumventing what he described as various SWOT malpractices. The following explanation about the SECURE model as advanced by Koch (2000): The first rule is that boundaries and structure of the market, and their anticipated changes, should be well defined. The second rule demands that all changes in the companys environment capable of influencing this company future performance be included in its SWOT analysis. One should stress here that a multiple-scenario approach to strategic planning would require a multiple SWOT inventory development at each, or at least some, organizational levels. The third rule, trends in the companys external and internal environments should be presented clearly. If, for instance, the long-term survival of the automotive industry depends on its adoption of a new propelling system for a future car, a system that would be more environmentally friendly, and increasingly based on renewable, or more abounding, sources of energy, a superior ability of car-making companies to make progress in this direction would be of critical strategic importance today. The fourth rule, companys competitive environments, their structure, forms, scope and intensity of competition should be properly examined and presented. Again, one should aim for precision of reference in all these respects. For instance, referring broadly to a company as one involved in telecommunication may be quite inadequate, while referring to it as involved in facilitating transmission of certain kind of data to certain categories of customers in certain geographic regions will make it possible to ascertain, and name, all possible opportunities, threats, strengths and weaknesses. Aiming for a high level of precision in making ones reference sufficiently specific should not come, however, at the cost of blurring the big picture of the market. One should always try and make sure that strategic analysts overlook neither trees nor woods. The fifth rule, a clear reference to an anticipated state of the future company internal and external environment should be made. If SWOT analysis is done in absence of such a background, the verification of claims concerning individual strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be either difficult or virtually impossible. Thus, organizations need to formulate their possible future scenarios clearly and completely. Analysis of the potential significance of the various organization strengths and weaknesses in various possible future situations is obviously capable of enhancing SWOT analysis quite considerably. The sixth rule, a clear reference to future strategic objectives and strategies is required in every SWOT analysis. Failure to do so will make the evaluation of scenario-specific relative importance of individual strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats quite perplexing and much harder, if at all feasible.

Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment

Background of Grey Water Treatment Pidou et al. (123) note that literature on the treatment of grey water has been there since 1970s. Membrane filtration accompanied with disinfection was among the primary technologies investigated for physical treatment. Biological treatment technologies like the aerated bioreactors rotating biological contactor and biological aerated filters were investigated in the 1980s and 1990s (Pidou et al. 123).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the decade, the simple physical separation procedure fitted in residential places. At the turn of the millennia, MBRs as well as reed beds were introduced as alternatively sophisticated and cheaper technologies. Chemical treatment has also featured in literature, thereafter. Figure 1: A diagrammatic representation of chemical tec hnologies that applies filtration or flotation. Source: Pidou et al. (30) Figure 2: A diagrammatic scheme of a biological wastewater treatment system Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Source: Chipasa (137) Description of Bio-Processes for Grey Water Treatment Bio-processes in grey water treatment include fixed film reactors, rotating biological contactor, anaerobic filters, sequencing batch reactor, membrane bioreactors, and biological aerated filters (BAF) (Pidou et al. 18). Much of the literature reveals that in most settings bioprocesses hardly operated as standalone unless intended for pilot investigations. Often, sedimentation, disinfection or screenings were installed as physical pre-treatment preceding the bioprocess systems (Pidou et al. 13). In other arrangements bioprocesses with membranes as in the case of activated carbon, MBRs, sand filters or extensive treat ment technologies such as constructed wetland (Hastuti, Medawaty and Pamekas 368). The Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) technology was a direct improvement of the Fixed Film Activated Sludge Process. At the onset of 1990s, Norway improvised the first MBBR. Thereafter, the corporate behind the invention began setting up small treatment units with design that integrated MBBR as well as the Norwegian State Pollution Control Authority recommendation. In the recent past, there has been proliferations of large plants that apply the MBBR technology thus give the treatment method a big publicity in the wastewater industry. MBBR procedures are undertaken on bio-film systems within heavy carriers, which mix wastewater as well as suspend on the reactor with turbulence. The system occurs between an activated sludge and an immovable bed bio-film system. MBBR boasts most of its strength from activated sludge coupled with bio-film carrier elements that are produced from polyethylene whose density falls below that of water. The elements are modelled to allow a lot of surface area for the bio-film. MBBR treat incoming wastewater through microorganisms that are cultured on bio-carriers that suspend in the fluid within the MBBR reactor. The microorganism contained in the bio-film is heterotrophic in nature; thus, utilize organic carbon to accumulate new biomass (Abdul-Majeed et al. 1551).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Facultative bacteria are some of the highly preferred heterotrophs as well as serve to dissolve oxygen in the fluid composite. The viscosity of the biomasses rises with the increase of microorganism numbers within the bio-carriers. The viscosity of the biomass impacts the strength of dissolved oxygen and substrate penetrating the bio-film. Those microorganisms on the frontiers o f the bio-film have accelerated ability to mix oxygen and substrate through every layer in the array within the bio-film strata. MBBR have an aeration component that lowers present dissolved oxygen where the bio-film has aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic strata. Nitrification in MBBRs has received rigorous research attention particularly with synthetic wastewater. Considering every bio-film reactors, nitrification rates are affected by the concentration of dissolved oxygen in the reactor, the concentration of cumulative ammonium nitrogen, organic load, the pH as well as alkalinity. It was demonstrated that at the temperature of 15⠁ ° C and surplus cumulated ammonium nitrogen within an organic load of 1gBOD5/m2 biofilm surface area/d and a concentration of DO of close to 5 mg/L; this had a capacity to achieve a cumulative ammonium nitrogen rate of elimination of 1 g NH4–N/ (m2.d). The quality of the water treated Building complexes have resulted to use biological schemes in col lege hostels, stadiums and multi storey houses. This is tied to the bioprocesses efficiency on the Hydraulic retention times (HRTs) that falls between 0.8 hours and 2.8 days. High strength grey water requires treatment systems that have higher HRTs such as mixed grey water and laundry wastewater whose BOD concentration ranges between 645 and 300-1200 mg.L-1. Compared to others biological systems perform fairly better at a mean time of 19 hours. Such systems have organic loading rates for Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) on the range of 0.10 and 7.49 kg.m-3.day-1; while for BOD varies from 0.08 to 2.38 kg.m-3.day-1 (Pidou et al. 14). In the case of the MBRs, organic loading rate values are lower at 0.88 kgCOD.m-3.day-1 compared to the standard wastewater treatment range of 1.2-3.2 kgCOD.m-3.day-1.Advertising Looking for report on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Stand alone systems applying the BAF, bio-films or rotating biological contactor (RBC) have their organic loading rate 1.32 kgBOD.m-3.day-1 thus their range falls within 0.3-1.4 kgBOD.m-3.day-1 (Pidou et al. 14). Regardless of the range and type of the bioprocess, systems that integrate a biological component have efficacy in eliminating organic and other solids. Actually, there efficacy has been proved to be well above top range standards for reuse with residual results whose concentrations fall below 10 mg.L-1 (Pidou et al. 14). An investigation into the turbidity concentrations achieved by biological systems, effluents residual have been positively below 8 NTU. Additionally, close to all schemes with bioprocesses achieved suspended solid residual under 15 mg.L-1. Bioprocesses performed better in the elimination of microorganisms by means for faecal coliforms and total coliforms at 5.2 log and 4.8 log, respectively (Pidou et al. 14). At the remedial concentrations of 20 cfu.100mLà ¢â‚¬â€œ 1 through biological treatment, faecal and total coliforms remained below the stringent targets. An advantage of MBR as a bioprocess for treatment is its efficiency for the eliminating microbial without having a disinfection stage. To demonstrate this, Pidou et al. (15) achieved a 5 log and a residual concentration that is less than 30 cfu.100mL-1. Other schemes employing MBR bioprocesses have given the robust elimination of the organic and solid residues at mean for BOD, turbidity and suspended solids at 3 mg.L-1, 3 NTU and 6 mg.L-1, respectively. However, the capability of bioprocesses treatment schemes are mildly impacted by changes in the strength and flow of grey water and potential shock loading (Pidou et al. 15). Studies on the domestic product spiking on biomass resulting from an MBR showed that at EC50 the relative toxicity for perfume (at 2.5 mL.L-1), bleach (at 7 mL.L-1), washing powder (at 20 mL.L-1), caustic soda (at 23 mL.L-1) and vegetable oil (at 29 mL.L-1). In other studies, the ability of MBR to revert to its initial performance capacity within a shorter period was indicative that MBR are minimally interrupted by feed, air or both; hence highly reliable. In the case when the feed was grounded for 25 days, no interruption was reported. However, there were different results when BAF was subjected to the same conditions. With BAF, short interval stoppages had no performance implications, but longer led to rise in effluent concentrations and periods for recovery across factors. According to Pidou et al. (15), return to original-standards period as a result of feed stoppages lasting a third of a day were a sixth of a day for turbidity and TSS and close to two for coliforms. Moreover, air stoppages lasting same period had a return to normalcy period were for BOD was 4 hours; for turbidity was 4 hours; for suspended solids was 24 hours; for faecal coliforms was 28 hours and for total coliforms was 24 hours. When air and feed stoppages were b oth combined, the return to normalcy period lasted the longest were BOD was 40 hours; turbidity was 40 hours; suspended solids were 4 hours; faecal coliforms was 24 hours and total coliforms was 48 hours. None of the factors had regained the initial normalcy in less than two days when feeds were interrupted for 25 days. Pidou et al. (16) observes there lacks adequate information on the cost for installation of bioprocess treatment systems. Previous studies on installation estimated a capital spending of  £3,345 for systems that served 40 students boarding and comprised of a deep bed filter, a buffering tank, Granular Activated Charcoal (GAC) and an aerated bio-filter. Spending on operation and maintenance on the consumables, energy and labor were annually estimated at  £128. The return on investment was measured in terms of water savings with an annual estimation of  £516 lasting over a period of 8-9 years (Pidou et al. 16). It was projected that installing the system on a new ly constructed house would cut the capital spending by  £1,720 and readjust the period on return on investment by 4-5 years. In a different bioprocess installation system that included a UV disinfection chamber, screening filter, a solids filter as well as a treatment tank on a bio-film generated by collection balls fitted to serve a household had a cost range between  £2,514 and  £3,325. Nevertheless, it was not immediately clear on the O M cost as well as the return on investment details for the installation (Pidou et al. 16). There are cheaper treatment installations done at a capital cost of about  £197 that serve the housing of six persons that comprise of four plastic barrels. A treatment installation that had a sand filter, a UV disinfection chamber as well as a septic tank had a capital spending in  £2,230 as well as an annual operating cost of  £87. The return on investment that recovered cost was annual water saving of  £34 (Pidou et al. 16). About  £30,00 0 will be capital budget for installing a bioreactor with a disinfector, sand filter and aerated for student resident wastewater treatment. The estimated annual spending for operations and maintenance was  £611, while the return on investment through water savings was  £166 (Pidou et al. 16). Aqua-EMBR (Aquatech’s Enhanced Membrane Bioreactor) is a recent biological treatment technology applied at refineries and petrochemical settings. The treatment system has been effectively tried in the Middle East oil plants. The treatment system has further been enhanced via High Efficiency Reverse Osmosis capabilities to recover 90 percent high quality permeate. The quality of the treatment meets the standards for recycling which is fed into the system for demineralising. Compared to the original MBR technologies, the Aqua-EMBR has some additional strength. Aqua-EMBR works without a membrane tank hence faster build up with reduced risks to the operators. This technology has limited civil work requirements during installations, for instance can be mounted as skid on a level concrete slab. Operators and proponent face fewer risks in the event of delays posed by weather elements, environmental threats as well as other local eventualities during structural setting up (Al-Hamaiedeh and Bino 115). Compared to submerged systems, Aqua-EMBR technologies are user friendly as well as convenient. The systems manager hardly senses the obnoxious smell or view or directly touches the bio-sludge (Xia et al. 7391). There are no exposed (from top) membrane tanks from where ambient air interacts with harmful aerosols. In the event of need for operational checks and repairs, membrane modules can be replaced without direct contact with bio-sludge. This is not the case with submerged membrane modules mucked by sludge, hence creating chances for operators to get direct contact with when lifting out of the tank. The system has flux that is higher by 50 percent which reduces the need for surface area vis-à  -vis volumes permeate production by half. This lowers the capital spending and operational cost from the costing aggregation of membrane cost per unit volume filtrate. The Aqua-EMBR technologies provide footprint of lower than a fifth, which is the least known. The technology promises cost savings by eliminating unnecessary man-hour attentions and chemical input costs. While contrasting with submerged systems, Aqua-EMBR technologies have reduced electricity needs by about 12.5 percent through the application of airlift pump effect. The Aqua-EMBR technologies boast of the finest membrane pore type, which at the lower side are 30 nm and higher at 50 nm. The technology has a treatment efficacy of less than 0.2 NTU for turbidity and less than 0.5 mg/l for total suspended solid. Advantages of Biological Grey water Treatment Compared to other treatment technologies, bioprocesses are capable of eliminating organics. These technologies apply for only short retention times (Pidou et al. 18). While, other technology have a necessity for the disinfection stage to meet the standard for the elimination of microbial; MBR (a biological grey water treatment technology) does not need (Pidou et al. 18). Pidou et al. (18) explains that the higher efficacy of technologies was observed when combinations of technologies were applied in a scheme. While, an aerated biological reactor alongside sand filter had a low strength treatment of grey water. The scheme had GAC and disinfection retention concentration for BOD of 2 mg.L-1; a turbidity level of 1 NTU and total coliforms count of 1 cfu.100mL-1. Elsewhere, the combination of a disinfector, RBC as well as sendimentation filter has attended waster water from bathing with residual results of 0.6 NTU for turbidity; 5 mg.L-1 for suspended solids; 2 mg.L-1 for BOD and 1 cfu.100mL-1 for faecal coliforms (Pidou et al. 18). At an individual level, only the MBR that had activated sludge and membrane had the capacity to proximate such results. A side-stream membrane bioreactor demonstrated residual results for treating grey water indicate a BOD of 1 mg.L-1; turbidity of 1 NTU; suspended solids of 4 mg.L-1 as well as total coliforms count of 1 cfu.100mL-1. A submerged membrane bioreactor gave residual results with undetectable levels of suspended solids and coliforms; BOD of less than 5 mg.L-1 as well as turbidity levels below 1 NTU. Thus, it can be concluded that the MBR scheme is able to demonstrate residual results that meet the thresholds for reuse. Notably, the level of treatment relies on the reuse application. According to Pidou et al. (20), biological treatment systems were found to have efficient hydraulic retention time of 19 hours over others. MBBR allow choice of the filling of bio-film carriers in the reactor that allows the carrier to be suspended freely (Colic, Acha and Lechter 4150). The filling allowance extends up to 70 percent. The carriers are simply small plastic tubes with d iameter and length of up to 5cm. The production material is polyethylene with a density nearing g/cm3. The carrier is provided with several chambers that increase the total surface area of the bio-film. Thus, the features allow the treatment system to attend high strength industrial wastewater. MBBR surface area provides room for modification thus different shapes and size have been applied, while remaining effective. It is imperative to assess the contribution of a water treatment to sustainable water management based on local settings as well as regional suitability. Though biological treatment technologies such as MBBR require substantively more energy investment to achieve a desirable carbon footprint, they are preferable to serve a wider area for quality grey water and economized energy vis-à  -vis schemes developed from other technologies. The advantages associated with MBBR include existing basins allow for increasing capacity, easily managed and operational; hardly do bio-f ilm clog, no need for sludge return and enhanced nitrification for existing activated sludge facilities. According to BP North America (35), benefits associated with MBBR include: no need for more acreage, has the capacity to eliminate phenol to an influent concentration of 200 mg/L, maintenance cost is manageable and has acceptable lifespan. In addition, has robust tolerance ability to toxic shocks and insignificant sludge bulking issues as well as desirable eliminating capacity compared to other attached growth bioprocesses. Nevertheless, these bioprocesses have used a lot of energy. Disadvantages of Biological Grey water Treatment Extensive grey water treatment is the only technologies have more footprint than the rest. Biological treatment technologies provide limited footprint considering smaller spaces available in the urban environments. There are schemes incorporating a rotating biological contactor, sedimentation tank as well a disinfection occupying a 15m3 volume that serv es 70 occupants in a storey resident, hence servicing at a meagre 0.2 m2 per person connected. Direct disadvantages associated with MBBR are elevated flows create potential loss of the element and the need for more stages to eliminate biological phosphorus. Moreover, there is a need for drive process to achieve more influent BOD loadings. MBBR achieve higher performance with extensive screening and removal or grit. Analysis of Domestic Grey Water Mix Grey water is a by-product the living habits of water consumers and hence the installations used in the due course result in variations in the ultimate characteristics of the water. The degree of variation depends on the intensity and diverse domestic uses resulting in grey and wastewater (Pidou, 9). Analysis of the characteristics with reference to the type of household activity generating shows that kitchen and laundry sources produce more compared to others in terms of organics and physical pollutants. Arguably, kitchen wastewater ac companies food waste; while laundry wastewater has in its substantial contents of washing detergents (vis-à  -vis its volume) (Pidou, 9). Those households that do laundry outdoor the wastewater may contain in its sand and clay particles. Water from the bathroom (also referred to as the light grey water) contains mainly washing products and hair that are minimally concentrated as well as small proportions of organic materials. The level of physical contaminants ranges between 33 – 249 NTU for composite grey water that is an indicator of high turbidity when compared to that of the sewer or potable natural water. The popular range particle size that cause turbidity occurs within 5 and 200ÃŽ ¼m. Pidou (9) explain that particle size for various sources of water in bathroom fall in the range of 10-100ÃŽ ¼m; moreover molecules contained in grey water have molecular weight less than 3kDa. Grey water composite whose mean concentration level falls between 154 and 113 mg.L-1 for BOD as well as suspended particles, respectively, has concentration strengths that range between low to medium relative sewage (Pidou, 10). Analysis of wastewater from bathroom falls within the low to medium strength of sewage; laundry falls at medium to high; while, kitchen sink at high strength sewage. The ratio of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the biological oxygen demand (BOD) estimates at 3.2. In most cases, domestic sewage and effluent discharge have their ratios at 2.2 and between 3 – 10, respectively (Pidou, 10). The values reported for grey water imply that the biodegradability is relatively low. The COD:N:P ratio with values of 1:0.02:0.01 for grey water composite provided the necessary confirmation. Actually, the ratio reported for the same for sewage is at 1:0.09:0.02 (Pidou 12). It can be concluded the low rich nutrient of grey water contributes to the diminished biodegradability. Analysis of waste water from bathrooms and laundry activities gives the ratio for COD:N:P at 1:0.02:0.06 and 1:0.02:0.15, respectively an indicator of the high concentration of phosphorus (Pidou, 10). The absence of N and P in the wastewater is because that comes from human waste. Pidou (11) explains that more than four-fifths and two-thirds domestic loads of N and P, respectively come from faeces and urine. Pidou (11) explains that across the different wastewater types, the number of microbial ranged between 101 and 108 cfu/100mL. Moreover, added that the relative number of coliforms varies with the population distribution of residents found in the respective catchments (Pidou 12). Interestingly, households that had no children had low total and faecal coliforms count at 80 and 6 cfu.100mL-1 compared to households with children at 3.2Ãâ€"105 and 1.5Ãâ€"103 cfu.100mL-1, respectively. Principally, investigations on grey water have established the presence of E. Coli, faecal coliforms and total coliforms as indicators of contamination. There are likely chances of finding in grew water a variety of bacteria, protozoa, helminths as well as pathogenic viruses (Pidou 12). Hygiene and sanitation activities such as bathing of the young; after the toilet hand wash; doing contaminated apparel as well as rinsing edibles are the most likely contributors of microorganisms ending up in the grey water. In a Swedish residential study, it was found that grey water had 101.4-104 cfu.100mL-1 for somatic coliphages as well as 102.3-104.8 cfu.100mL-1 for C. perfringes spores.   The constituent for faecal enterococci was at 103-105.1 cfu.100mL-1; while the concentration of E. Coli and coliforms were 104.3-106.8 cfu.100mL-1 and 105.5-108.7 cfu.100mL-1, respectively (Pidou 12). Heavy metals also accompany domestic grey water. These include zinc cadmium, nickel, copper, lead, tin, cobalt and chromium. Grey water has also been found to have high amounts of xenobiotic organic compounds (XOCs) (Pidou 12). It is highly advised not to discharge grey water after reus e due to toxic as well as environmental risks posed by the presence of xenobiotic organic contents in domestic ingredients. There are higher chances of coming across XOCs in surfactants, preservatives and antioxidants, softeners, solvents, fragrances and flavours. The XOCs are not biodegradable, but also bio-accumulative. There are bio-concentration factors more than 100 as well as a log Kow beyond 3. The toxicity with EC/LC50 is less than 1 mg.L-1. Pidou (12) cites that kitchen and laundry waters lead to higher toxicity levels in the domestic grey water. Analysis of Oil Refinery Wastewater Mix According to Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (251) oil refinery activity require colossal amounts of water for desalting, catalytic and treatment procedures to generate desired outcomes, such as LPG, jet fuel, and petrochemical feedstock as well as distillation and thermal cracking. It is estimated that the amount of wastewater generated is 0.4 to 1.6 times the quantity of unrefined oils. Neverthel ess, release of untreated oil refinery wastewater into water masses poses environmental as well as human health impacts associated with harmful contaminants such as phenol, hydrocarbons, and dissolved minerals (Alade et al. 163). Some hydrocarbons are carcinogenic. Persistent exposure to contaminants may lead to health complications like leukemia as well as tumor growths on organs. However, oil refinery wastewater has been treated using physical and chemical approaches, higher costs for chemicals and apparatus and massive sludge formation has made the biological approaches to be highly preferred. Biological wastewater treatment methods are elementary, affordable as well as environmentally friendly. The application of membrane bioreactor achieved elimination efficacy within the range of 78 and 98 percent for COD, 96 and 99 percent for BOD, 74 and 99 percent for TSS and 99 to 100 percent for turbidity. Table 1: Proportions of Water Use at the Domestic Level Purpose Proportion Used (in %) Toilet wash-out 35 Wash basin 8 Overhead bathing 5 Ordinary Bathing 15 Laundry 12 Utencil cleaning 4 Out door activities 6 Kitchen sink 15 Source: Pidou et al. (34) Table 2: Distribution of Domestic Water Reuse Domestic Reuse % Water Reused Toilet flushing 54% Irrigation and Garden watering 36% Outdoor use and cleaning 5% Laundry 2.5% Infiltration 2.5% Source: Pidou et al. (36) Table 3: The Characteristics of Domestic Grey Water Source BOD (mg.L-1) SS (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) Mixed grey water 5-466 (154) 25-304 (113) 33-240 (84) 102-108 (107) Bath 129-192 (161) 47-58 (53) 46-60 (53) 102-104 (103) Shower 99-212 (155) 15-353 (173) 21-375 (131) 101-104(104) Hand basin 33-252 (138) 36-505 (183) 102-164 (133) 103-106(105) Kitchen 536-1460 (891) 235-720 (528) – – Laundry 48-472 (276) 68-465 (238) 50-444 (254) 103-106(105) Standards 10 10 2 ND Sewage 282 ±68 191 ±68 – 2.4Ãâ€"1 09 ±2.2Ãâ€"109 Adopted from Pidou (12) Table 4: The Characteristics of Petroleum Refinery Wastewater Aspect Estimates 1 Estimates 2 Estimates 3 Estimates 4 BOD5, mg/l 570 150 – 350 150 -350 – COD, mg/l 850-1020 300 – 800 300 – 600 330 – 556 Phenol, mg/ 98-128 20 – 200 – – Oil, mg/l 12.7 3000 50 40 -91 TSS, mg/l – 100 150 130 -250 Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene and xylenes (BTEX), mg/l 23.9 1 – 100 – – Heavy metals, mg/l – 0.1 – 100 – – Chrome, mg/l – 0.2 – 10 – – Ammonia, mg/l 5.1 – 2.1 – 10 – 30 4.1 – 33.4 pH 8.0 – 8.2 – 7 – 9 7.5 – 10.3 Turbidity, NTU 22 – 52 – – 10.5 -159.4 Source: Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (252); Mahmoudkhani et al. (13) Table 5: XOCs contributed into the domestic grey water XOCs source Toxic content Surfactan ts benzalkonium chloride and alkylphenol ethoxylates Preservatives and antioxidants bronopol and triclosan Softeners diisononylphtalate and phosphonates Solvents heptane and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Fragrances and flavours hexyl cinnamic aldehyde and styrene Modified from Pidou (12) Table 6: Performance of MBBR Capacity on Conventional Sludge Parameter Performance Footprint requirement Low Efficacy in nutrient elimination High Tolerance of toxics Better than Conventional Activated Sludge Sludge settling Poor in toxic stress conditions Elimination of advanced total suspended solids (TSS) Variable Capacity to manage concentration surges Good Enhanced heavy crude degradation Good Tolerance to low temperatures Good Waste release Med Energy consumption – Procedure for implementation Relatively straight forward Retrofit against new construction Retrofit, modular, needs additional retrofits Other Problems Abrasion losses 2%/yr; Limits fine bubbl e aeration Capital spending Low Source: BP North America (28) Table 7: Wastewater Parameters before and after MBBR Installation Parameter Before MBBR Installation After MBBR Flow 50 GPM 75 GPM Total Suspended Solids (TSS) About 200 TSS/mg/l About 900 TSS/mg/l Flocculants (fats oil and grease) About 150 FOG/mg/l About 650 FOG/mg/l BOD About 1,500 BOD/mg/l About 6,200 BOD/mg/l Source: Colic et al. (17) Table 8: Average Performance within a Month’s Period Parameter Before MBBR After MBBR Clarifier Total Suspended Solids (TSS) 45 TSS/mg/l 20 TSS/mg/l Flocculants (fats oil and grease) 12 FOG/mg/l 1 FOG/mg/l BOD 1,100 BOD/mg/l 18 BOD/mg/l Source: Colic et al. (18) Assessment of Oil Refinery Wastewater Treatment Performance Across Biological Treatment Technologies Technology Operation Cost Toxic Removal Sludge settleability Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) Very good Good Very good Normal Continuously Stirred Tank Bioreactor (CSTB) Very good Good G ood Good Membrane Bioreactor Very good Good Very good Good Fluidized Bed Bioreactor (FBB) Good Good Very good Good Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) Good Good Good Good Source: Ishak, Malakahmad and Isa (254) Table 9: The stringent Standards for Wastewater Reuse Country Application Aspect BOD (mg.L-1) TSS (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) Faecal Coliforms (cfu.100mL-1) Total Coliforms (cfu.100mL-1) Japan Toilet flushing – – 2 – ND Landscape – – 2 – 1000 Recreational – – 2 – ND Israel Wastewater Reuse 10 10 – 1 – Spain, Canary Islands Wastewater reuse 10 3 2 – 2.2 USA, California Unrestricted water reuse – – 2 avg 5 max – 2.2 avg 23 max in 30 days USA, Florida Unrestricted water reuse 20 5 – 25% of sample ND and 25 max – Australia, Queensland Greywater reuse for garden watering in unsewered area 20 30 – – 100 Canada, British Col umbia Unrestricted urban reuse 10 5 2 2.2 Source: Pidou et al. (35) Research theories and its application MBR According to Yang, Cicek and Ilg (201), research on membrane bioreactor technology has in the recent past concentrate on the UK, Japan and France, though the additional input has come from Germany, South Korea and China. There has been keen interest to integrate gas and extraction function within the MBRs solutions. Scholarly works have delved on topical issues like fouling, optimizing operational performance and microbial characterization (Yang, Cicek and Ilg 201). Other areas likely to benefit from MBR innovation include elimination of a nitrate treatment for drinking water, elimination of endocrine disrupting compounds from wastewater streams and water types, improving bio-fuels generation through the membrane aided fermentation and gas production and purification on MBRs (Yang, Cicek and Ilg 201). MBBR The recent development in biological wastewater treatment has sev eral facets. The introduction of new technology of bio-film processes a derivative of activated sludge process under the theory of biological wastewater treatment. Another face is the elementary process of wastewater treatment through processing system that result in biological transformation of organic matter such as the nitrification and de-nitrification. There are advancement on the biological process of phosphorus elimination and impact mechanism. Other areas of research advancement are Activated sludge model series, bio-film model series, pollution sludge treatment process solutions. Figure 3: Chronological account of Journal Artforle on MBR Technologies on Wastewater Treatment Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (202) Figure 4: Chronological and Country Distribution of Journal Publications of MBR Technologies Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (202) Table 10: Biological Wastewater Treatment Technologies Performance Location Housing/ Complex Type Scheme HRT (flow rate, Loading rate) Perf ormance COD (mg.L-1) BOD (mg.L-1) Turbidity (NTU) TSS (mg.L-1) Total coliforms (cfu/100mL) Japan Stadium / Toilet flushing Screening + Sedimentation + Flotation + Rotating filters + Sand filter + Disinfection (622 m3/day) 243 6 336 20 – – 207 10 – 10 Japan House Anaerobic filter + Submerged bio-filter + Sedimentation + Disinfection (1.735 m3/day) – 11 – 8 – – – 6 – – Korea Pilot scale Sequencing batch reactor + MF hollow fibre membranes 13 hours (1.2 m3/day) 79 30 5 5 – – 185 – – – China Pilot scale Screening + Membrane bioreactor 3.6 hours 130-322 40 99 – 212 5 146 -185 1 15 -50 0 – ND Israel Student flats / Toilet Flushing Screening + Rotating biological reactor + Sedimentation + Sand filter + Disinfection About 18 hours 158 40 59 2 33 1 43 8 6.105+ 1+ Israel Student flats / Toilet flushing Screening + Membrane bioreactor + Disinfection About 18 hour s 206 47 95 1 80 0 103 13 3.105+ 27+ Jordan House / Irrigation Sedimentation + Anaerobic filter 1-2 days – – 300 -1200 375 – – – 107 – – Denmark Industrial laundry Membrane bioreactor 2-2.5 days (60 m3/day) 1700 50 645 2 – – – – – – Germany Apartment building / Toilet flushing Sedimentation + Rotating biological contactor + UV Disinfection (2.1 m3/day) 100 – 200 – 43 – 85 4 – – – – 104-105 104 Germany House / Toilet flushing Fluidized bed reactor + UV Disinfection (0.04 m3/day) 113 – 633 – 60 – 256 4 – – – – 103-105 104 Finland Apartment building / Toilet flushing Aerated biofilter + UV Disinfection – 8000 75 – – – – – – 1.106+ 20+ Australia House / Toilet flushing, laundry and garden watering Screening + Biofilm + UV Disinfection â€⠀œ – – – 9 – 6 – 9 – 0* Australia House / Toilet flushing and outdoor use Septic tank + Sand filter + UV Disinfection – – – 97 6 – 1 48 3 2.105 9 Norway Houses / Irrigation Septic tank + Aerated biofilter + Constructed wetland – – – 62 10# – – – – – 100 Germany Pilot scale Membrane bioreactor 10 hours 493 24 – – – – 7 4 – – UK Student residence / Toilet flushing Screening + Aerated biofilter + Deep-bed filter + Activated carbon – – – – 9 – 1 – 6 – 995 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter 4 hours (0.4 m3/m2/h) 363 80 131 5 – – 109 8 – – UK Student residence / Toilet flushing Biological reactor + Sand filter + GAC + Disinfection (263 m3/year) 201 62 – – 212 5 – – 7.105 3 UK Pilot scale Biological ae rated filter 3.7 hours (0.328 m3/day) 128 13 41 4 – 3 52 6 2.106 2.104 UK Pilot scale Submerged membrane bioreactor 13.6 hours (0.071 m3/day) 128 7 41 1 – 4 52 4 2.106 2 UK Pilot scale Membrane aeration bioreactor 0.8 hours (0.225 m3/day) 128 17 41 9 – 7 52 13 2.106 2.104 UK Pilot scale Side-stream Membrane bioreactor 2.8 days (0.137 m3/day) 273 2 181 1 – 1 58 4 3.104 1 UK Pilot scale Biological aerated filter + UF membrane 1.2 hours 80 6 – – 25 0 52 1 6.105 1 UK Pilot scale Biological reactor + Sand filter + GAC (2.88 m3/day) 34 12 21 2 20 1 – – 2.102 1 UK Arena / Toilet flushing Biological aerated filter 1.25-5 hours (120 m3/day) 84 14 – – – – 31 3 3.105 3.103 Source: Pidou et al. (41); Al-Mughalles et al. (290) Adaptation Of The Processes In Canada And North America According to Yang, Cicek and Ilg (201), the application of MBR in North America occupies 11 percent of global installa tions. Popular brand of MBR in North America is Zenon, though elsewhere Kubota and Mitsubishi-Rayon are the common installations. It is focussed that the rise in stringent standards for wastewater treatment may popularize the MBR technologies, globally; thus driving innovation. Figure 5: Distribution of Use of MBR Technologies Source: Yang, Cicek and Ilg (207) Conclusion Literature show that the MBR technologies application has centred on wastewater treatment from domestic sources; while, MBBR technologies have been used in the oil refinery wastewater. Information on the advancement of MBR technologies is easily available vis-à  -vis MBBR. This is probably, because the MBR technologies have present for longer than the MBBR ones. The BP petroleum company in North America has comprehensively availed information on its application of MBBR technology, though no clear details on areas of technological improvement or future arrangement on the same. Research interest in MBBR bioprocesses on wastewater treatment focus on enhancing the biological transformation of organic matter related to nitrification and de-nitrification. Research on MBR technologies relate to the elimination of nitrate, elimination of endocrine disrupting compounds, improving bio-fuels generation and gas production and purification. Works Cited Abdul-Majeed, Mohammed, Hisham Alwan, Mohammed Baki, Fauad Abtan and Hussein Sultan. â€Å"Wastewater Treatment in Baghdad City Using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) Technology.† Eng. Tech. Journal. 30.9 (2012): 1550-1560. Uotechnology. Web. Alade, Abass, Ahmad Jameel, Suleyman Muyubi, Mohamed Karim and Zahangir Alam. â€Å"Removal Of Oil And Grease As Emerging Pollutants Of Concern (EPC) In Wastewater Stream.† IIUM Engineering Journal. 12.4 (2011):161-169. Iium. Web. Al-Hamaiedeh, H and M Bino. â€Å"Effect of treated grey water reuse in irrigation on soil and plants.† Desalination. 256 (2010):115–119. elsevier. Web. Al-Mugh alles, Mohammed, Rakmi Rahman, Fatihah Suja, Mastura Mahmud and Sharifah Abdullah. â€Å"Greywater Treatment Using GAC Biofilm Reactor and Sand Filter System.† Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences. 6.3 (2012):283-292. Ipcbee. Web. BP North America 2008, Emerging Technologies and Approaches to Minimize Discharges into Lake Michigan. Web. Chipasa, Kangala. â€Å"Accumulation and fate of selected heavy metals in a biological wastewater treatment system.† Waste Management. 23 (2003):135–143. Elsevier. Web. Colic, Miroslav, Eric Acha and Ariel Lechter. â€Å"Advanced Pretreatment Enables MBBR Treatment of High Strength Candy Manufacturing Wastewater.† Water Environment Federation. (2009):4142-4152. Cleanwatertech. Web. Colic, Miroslav, Wade Morse, Ariel Lechter, Jason Hicks, Steve Holley and Carl Mattia 2008, Enabling the Performance of the MBBR Installed to Treat Meat Processing Wastewater. Web. Hastuti, Elis, Ida Medawaty and R Pamekas. â€Å"Ap plication Of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Fixed Bed Biofilm And Membran Bioreactor For Water Reuse In Urban Housing Area.† Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation. 6.3 (2011): 367-376. Trisanita. Web. Ishak, S, A Malakahmad and M Isa. â€Å"Refinery wastewater biological treatment: A short review.† Journal of Scientific Industrial Research. 71 (2012):2521-256. niscair. Web. Mahmoudkhani, Rouhallah, Akbar Azar, Alireza Dehghani and Hossein Ghoreishi. â€Å"Treatment of Contaminated Waters with Petroleum by Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR).† 2012 International Conference on Life Science and Engineering IPCBEE. 45.3 (2012):12-16. Ipcbee. Web. Pidou, Marc, Fayyaz Memon, Tom Stephenson, Bruce Jefferson and Paul Jeffrey. â€Å"Greywater recycling: treatment options and applications.† Engineering Sustainability. 160.ES3 (2007):119-131. dspace. Web. Pidou, Marc 2006, â€Å"Hybrid membrane processes for water reuse†. PhD thesis, Cran field Univ., 2006. Dspace lib. cranfield. Web. Xia, Siqing, Liang Duan, Yonghui Song, Jixiang Li, Yvette Piceno, Gary Andersen, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Ivan Moreno-Andrade, Chun-Linhuang and Slawomir Hermanowicz. â€Å"Bacterial Community Structure in Geographically Distributed Biological Wastewater Treatment Reactors.† Environ. Sci. Technol. 44 (2010):7391–7396. Berkeley. Web. Yang, Wenbo, Nazim Cicek and John Ilg. â€Å"State-of-the-art of membrane bioreactors: Worldwide research and commercial applications in North America.† Journal of Membrane Science. 270 (2006):201–211. elsevier. Web. This report on Reclamation Of Grey Water Refinery Oily Wastewater Using Bioprocesses Treatment was written and submitted by user Alexzander W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A World Without Sound Essay Sample free essay sample

â€Å"I don’t want to be bothered by noise. I’m tired of hearing atrocious things. † I do non kick anymore†¦ good. about noise at least. I am now deaf. I see smiling faces but can non hear laughter. I am able to feel concern and fright. but no longer can I hear someone’s calls and shrieks. Spoken discourse differs from written because one is able to set up emotionally the way of the conversation through voice. The inflexion of one’s voice can alter the signifier of the words to show peculiar properties. â€Å"She talks a batch. † can be said with a somber tone because it is factual. If it is said with backtalk. person finds the girl’s gabbing to be an irritation. Life has non changed drastically. Most of what I did as a hearing individual I am able to make now. but I miss â€Å"smaller things. We will write a custom essay sample on A World Without Sound Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † I miss telling takeaway over the telephone and waking up to birds peeping. I even miss being awoken by the Sirens on exigency vehicles tardily at dark. I am non entirely in this silent universe ; everyone is deaf. Everyone has fallen victim to a awful virus. No 1 is certain as to how or why the virus came approximately. The deafening virus is viewed both positively and negatively. I find comfort in sharing my experience with friends. household. and even aliens. Everyone throughout the universe is confronting a similar state of affairs: life without sound. Deafness has ever existed ; there are audile instructors and address healers that have been educated and trained to help persons sing partial or entire hearing loss. Unfortunately. the universe population outnumbers these persons. and they. excessively are deaf. Hearing AIDSs and cochlear implants are available. excessively. to help with hearing loss. However. to keep these devices can be dearly-won. and in the instance of cochlear implants. invasive surgery is required. Documented every bit early as the 5th century B. C. in Plato’s Cratylus. groups of deaf people have used gestural linguistic communication: â€Å"If we hadn’t a voice or a lingua. and wanted to show things to one another. wouldn’t we try to do marks by traveling our custodies. caput. and the remainder of our organic structure. merely as dense people do at nowadays? † Sign linguistic communication is defined as a linguistic communication that uses manual communicating and organic structure linguistic communication to convey significance. Sign linguistic communication may affect at the same time uniting manus forms. orientation and motion of the custodies. weaponries or organic structure. and facial looks to show the speaker’s ideas. Sign languages exhibit the same lingual belongingss and use the same biological abilities. as do unwritten linguistic communications. Persons are propelled to increase their cognition. accomplishments. or understanding because of uncertainty. wonder. incomprehension. and uncertainness. In both noisy and tongueless universes. explicating inquiries is necessary because it may take to an reply that solves one’s larning demand ( s ) . and she may oppugn farther while unwraping more cognition and greater apprehension. Six indispensable inquiries to inquire when seeking cognition and apprehension are â€Å"who. † â€Å"what. † â€Å"where. † â€Å"when. † â€Å"why. † and â€Å"how. † â€Å"Who† is concerned with what or which people were affected/involved. â€Å"Where† is concerned with the location/position of a individual. event. or object. â€Å"When† refers to a clip or circumstance. â€Å"What† asks information to stipulate something. â€Å"Why† asks for what ground or intent did an action/event return topographic point. â€Å"Howà ¢â‚¬  Tells in what mode something occurred. Like a relentless five-year-old kid oppugning his female parent. we must neer halt inquiring â€Å"why. † It is a simple inquiry. but can be the most hard to inquire. As we mature. we stop oppugning and merely accept replies or conditions. and travel frontward with our lives. Asking â€Å"why† stimulates our heads. In our deaf-and-dumb person universe. we must foremost inquire. â€Å"Why are we deaf? † Was the virus inflicted upon the universe so we could break understand what is like to be handicapped in order to be more understanding? On the other manus. is the Earth being punished? It is hard for us to inquire â€Å"why† because we are excessively accustomed to routine. Deafness has forced me to interrupt my modus operandi. go motivated. and more originative. I have become cognizant of other attacks of communicating and diversion. I can no longer keep an unwritten conversation with a friend while sipping a cappuccino ; alternatively. we must utilize manus gestures in order to pass on. I do non pass my eventides in forepart of a telecasting set since I have to read captions ; I now prefer busying my clip with reading. throwing Frisbees. or playing tennis. We. excessively. must inquire one another â€Å"why. † Not merely does â€Å"why† function as a footing for group treatment but it will promote others to oppugn their ain modus operandis or milieus. By inquiring others â€Å"why. † we may larn how others are get bying with their newfound hearing loss. Having an unfastened forum will non merely be curative but may reenforce oppugning everything like we did as kids. Asking â€Å"when† something happened or will go on is of import when informing an person or a group. but when life in a tongueless universe. the inquiry is least of import because no 1 is certain when our hearing will be restored. We must non brood on our hearing loss ; if we do. it may do isolation and depression. I keep reminding myself. and others. we are valuable. Our focal point should be on educating one another about status. If we do non oppugn. we do non larn ; hence. we do non derive greater apprehension of a belief or construct. The most basic ground for inquiring is so we get replies. I am incognizant as to how long this worldwide hearing loss will prevail. but I intend to garner every bit much cognition so I can understand my hearing loss and aid others. excessively. By oppugning what has occurred. it allows me to be more accepting of my hearing loss and helps me to keep an unfastened head. Through the treatment and inquiring of hearing loss. I am bring outing implicit in frights and limited beliefs. therefore opening myself to all that life has to offer.

The Life of Pi Essay Example

The Life of Pi Essay Example The Life of Pi Paper The Life of Pi Paper which illustrates the Old mans frustration linked with loneliness as In the first forty days the boy had been with him, demonstrating the old mans first compassion for the boy. Compassion for objects of nature is a clear comparison between both Pi and Santiagos attributes, with Pi seen strongly linked to religion as a form of companionship. The reader identifies Pis affliction for nature using extensive description of the sloth, Sleepiness and slothfulness and seeing everything in a Mango-like blur expresses Pis detailed observation using alliteration and metaphor to attract the attention of the reader to the simplicity of the sloth. Pis love for nature is immediately compared with his interest in religion as his religious studies on the cosmogony theory of Isaac Luria is an important motif as this foreshadows the sinking of the Tsimtsum as the theory explains the contraction of the universe. Religion is viewed in this novel as a form of companionship, as Pi finds friendship and kindness in his religious ideologies that play a significant part in his survival. As the reader can identify Pis exclusion from society as a young boy, Pis religious exploration into Hinduism, Christianity and Islam can be seen as stories which spread the teachings of a faith, but to offer comfort in Pis challenge of social acceptability. Pis exclusion is presented with humour, but the reader can sense the empathetic tone as, Its Pissing Patel! The sound would disappear, but the hurt would linger the cruelty of children comes as news to no one unprovoked uncalled for. The author has linked childhood exclusion to enforce religious importance to the character, which is in contrast to The Old Man and the Sea as he is excluded in adult life. Santiago is seen in the first part of the novella to be ostracized from society as many of the fisherman made fun of the old man, but the author expresses the bond between Manolin and Santiago as a companionship, which is expressed through dialogue. Hemmingway has used dialogue between these characters to further portray their emotional bond, revealing their relationship with paternal qualities, The old man had taught the boy to fish and the boy loved him. Manolin wants to help Santiago to get sardines and to offer him a beer on the Terrace, expressing Manolins devotion to the Old man against his fathers wishes for him to fish on another boat. The reader recognises conflict in that Manolins parents had told him that the old man was now definitely and finally Salao, illustrating the strength of relationship and companionship between both characters. Hemmingway uses Salao to establish the Latin American influence and setting of the novella. This is used repeatedly throughout the novel to furthermore establish the culture from which this fishing tale is set. In contrast Pi can be seen to have a strong relationship with his father, with clear admiration in that his father is a zoo keeper, linking his affliction for animals and nature. The zoo is a symbol of freedom for Pi, a place in which his problems could be forgotten as the author uses language to create a place of tranquility, with the reader identifying Pis personal relationship with the animals as he, left for school under the benevolent gaze not only of his mother but also of bright -eyed otters and burly American bison and stretching and yawning orang-utans. This conveys a level of friendship with nature, as personification is used to create a sense of youthful observation which echoes Pis relationship with Richard Parker. Furthermore Martel makes use of vivid imagery to elaborately place the animals importance for Pi silver diamond doves, Cape glossy starlings, peach-faced lovebirds. The use of alliteration shows Pis deep observation, seeking acceptance from nature. Hemmingway presents the theme of nature in comparison to Martel, which is used to comfort the characters in their seclusion as their need for companionship places significant importance on the animals. Santiagos first observation of nature is when the reader identifies the characters dream of Africa, a sign of the old mans child hood which is used three times in the novel to signify peace with nature, the long, golden beaches and the white beaches, so white they hurt your eyes he smelled the tar and oakum of the deck The author has used colour and sense of smell to depict the scene, offering a sense of regeneration which is used to create a cycle of nature comparing dreams of youth with old age, which leaves the realism and negatives of survival and his isolation with tranquility. In the same way Martel uses the Zoo as a symbol for freedom from his isolation, but the structure of the novel in its three parts echoes the three stages of life in Birth, Life and Death. The first section explores Pis youthful exploration of nature and religion emphatically illustrated as A germ of religious exaltation, no bigger than a mustard seed, with continuation through maturation with Richard Parker to the realisation of his families death at the end of the novel. Anthropomorphism is a theme which can be seen in both texts, as the author uses this form of personification to create a clearer relationship between man and animal, with Martel using Richard Parker as the predominant animal in Pis survival, with the Old mans relationship with the Marlin. The striking use of a human name to represent the tiger is appealing to the reader as the author presented the character at the start of the novel as Pi reminisces Dare I say I miss him?. I do miss him. I still see him in my dreams. The writer uses short sentences to provide an empathetic response from the reader, the reader wants to know who Richard Parker is as he is seen to be an important character in Pis life. The use of this animal links Pis relationship to his mother, father and his brother, as the tiger is a symbol of family life which he harnesses to resolve his loneliness. Pis expression of love for Richard Parker is seen in Pis desperation for him to survive, What are you doing, Richard Parker? Dont you love life Through the use of rhetorical questioning the reader can identify Pi finds comfort in communicating with the animals, with Orange Juice presenting the maternal figure linking his own mother in his thoughts. In comparison Hemmingway uses personification to explore the Old mans affection for the sea and nature, with the author presenting the Old mans love for the sea as la mar. It is explained that la mar describes the sea as a feminine object, which links the Santiagos loneliness from losing his wife with his affection for the sea. At the start of the text the characters emotional pain is represented as Once there had been a tinted photograph of his wife he had taken it down because it made him too lonely. Hemmingways simplicity in style immediately explores the characters loneliness, with the boy and nature seen as objects which Santiago can confide in to forget his isolation. As in similarity with Pi, Santiago shares a relationship with the marlin which shows clear indication of compassion but at the same time hatred for the fish as Fish Ill stay with you until I am dead.. I have never seen or heard of such a fish. But I must kill him.. These quotations explore Santiagos changing view of the marlin placing his life before the fish in one view but on the other hand realising that killing the fish is what he must do. This can be compared with .. Together? Well be together? Have I gone mad?.. from Life of Pi which in the same way explores the realisation of what is needed to survive against a characters need for companionship, with both characters deciding what is the most important attribute, survival or companionship. Survival as explained in the introduction quotation is an individuals instinct for self preservation, which can be split into several categories. The Old Man and the sea clearly presents the theme of determination, a theme which links the relationship between himself and the boy. Santiago views his challenge for survival with the Marlin as something which he must prove to the boy I told the boy I was a strange old man Now is when I must prove it. This represents to the reader that Santiago views his survival as a personal challenge, linked with the boys fascination with the Old mans skill at fishing And the best fisherman is you There is no such fish if you are still strong as you say. These quotes clearly illustrate the boys admiration for the old man, with the old man realising his compassion for the boy as I wish I had the boy repeated through the novella places the boy in high regard.

The Relevance of Attachment Theory and Mother-Infant Bonding to the Essay

The Relevance of Attachment Theory and Mother-Infant Bonding to the Practice of Music Therapy - Essay Example The Attachment Theory The attachment theory was postulated by a British psychiatrist named John Bowlby and it was further elaborated on by his colleague who an American developmental psychologist is named Mary Ainsworth (Sigelman & Rider, 2009, p. 406). â€Å"The theory was grounded primarily on ethological theory and therefore asked how attachment might have evolved† (Sigelman & Rider, 2009). This theory also derived some of its concepts from psychoanalytic theory as stressed by Sigelman and Rider (2009). â€Å"According to Bowlby , an attachment is a strong affection tie that binds a person to an intimate companion; moreover, it is also a behavioural system through which humans regulate their emotional distress when under threat and achieve a sense of security by seeking proximity to another person† (Sigelman & Rider, 2009, p. 407). In addition, Bowlby argued that just as infants are programmed to respond to their caregivers, adults are biologically programmed to resp ond to an infant's signals; accordingly, it is rather daunting for an adult to ignore a baby's cry or fail to warm to a baby's grin (Sigelman & Rider, 2009). ... motional adversity in childhood; in both cases Bowlby supposed that the children went on to develop a range of behavioural, emotional and mental health problems (Oldfield et al., 2008). Central to the thinking of attachment theory is that a child has to believe that an attachment figure is present both psychologically as well as physically; Bowlby discovered that an attachment figure who was physically present and yet emotionally absent could arose similar feelings of anxiety and distress as an attachment figure who physically absent (Oldfield et al., 2008). Significantly, for children to thrive they need a close, continuous care-giving relationship: an attachment figure who is available and responsive to their needs as stressed by Oldfield et al. (2008). In relation to the attachment theory, music therapy, for example, has been a known measure in helping adopted children to deal with their tragic experiences in the past that may have been liable for their present behaviour. â€Å"M usic therapy, being an important non-verbal medium, allows children to go back to the early moments in their life and to process their daunting experiences† (Oldfield et al., 2008). In addition, the non-verbal nature of music therapy enables adoptive parents to respond to their adopted child in a new way, persuading the child to value their new family; working in this way enables a child to become more securely attached as they develop trust and security in their adoptive parents (Oldfield et al., 2008). In lieu of this process, the music therapist functions as the facilitator in building healthy relationships within the family (Oldfield et al., 2008). The Strange Situation Mary Ainsworth is a significant figure in the attachment theory of Bowlby for the reason that she studied attachment

Outdoor recreation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Outdoor recreation - Research Paper Example Considering a water sports park would ideally fit into the given location and also ideal to target the market. Simulating the similar effects of the sea shore i.e generating waves similar to the sea in a make shift pond would really attract peoples curiosity and there by bringing huge crowds. The design of water recreational sports ideally identifies the recreation and sporting opportunities available on the newly acquired land owned by the agency and also harmonizes with the site, and is both suitable and capable of accommodating all infrastructure requirements. Primarily the Albury city is suitable for any kind of development which can be a greatest advantage To provide within the overall concept all required buildings, structures, amenities and leisure opportunities for the target market of the theme and the regional population it is important to conduct a survey or a study which can clearly indicate us what exactly would be suitable for the people and according to the geographical location. ... 1. A waves generating water pond. 2. A 300 mrts long water skate board. 3. A huge ocean like pond which can accommodate motor boats for scuba diving and water rafting. 4. A big enclosure at the entry which accommodates large number vehicles for parking. 5. A complex at the beginning for booking tickets and visitors lounge and waiting area. 6. Electronic entry gates which can avoid unauthorized entry. 7. 2-3 different food complexes just after the entry in side the recreation center. 8. A separate water pond for women and couples for who ever prefer. 9. Sprawling games enclosure which has many kinds of rides like Columbus, Tora Tora and Giant wheel etcetera for children. 10. Video games for children and electric bumper cars. 11. Depending upon the budget a golf course would also be advisable. The above mentioned infrastructure would at least require a minimum of 50 acres of land for a comfortable environment. Management structure: The management of the recreation center can be outsourced to some other company or can be managed by the owner of the recreation center. The advantage in outsourcing the maintenance is that any loss or unavoidable situations can be put on the shoulders of the outsourced company. Management has so many functions to take care and some times it becomes difficult to manage so, employing a professional company in maintenance can be a better option for a smooth functioning of the center. Management of the company also needs to take care about the security of the infrastructure and we should be very keen on out sourcing the security of the infrastructure to the best security agency so that the people coming to the recreation center and also the infrastructure can be felt safe in their hands. The security depends on what security

The Evolution of the British Welfare State Essay

The Evolution of the British Welfare State - Essay Example It is often said that the Great Statesman, who rescued a warn-torn Britain in the First World War, Winston Churchill lay the very foundations of the British welfare state. Even as back as 1909 he had laid the groundwork for his "radical reforms," for the labor workforce aimed at making working conditions pleasant and to improve labor relations with the employer.The modern-day health insurance system is indeed a brainchild of Churchill and in 1946 despite his conservative roots he still gave support for Clement Atlee's introduction of near-full socialism in Britain.The emerging labor party, in particular, took it upon itself towards a commitment to reform and social justice, which was later dubbed rhetorically as the British brand of socialism. And thus began a period collective welfare which sought to rid the society of the "scramble for private gain" which tainted the society's ideals and conscience in the name of "Capitalism".According to contemporaries like George Bernard Shaw who called this an "installment of Socialism" rather than a revolution.Britain has had much to learn from its contemporaries in this regard. Whereas the Soviet Union seemed a complete package of central planning a concept new to the West, the British Government took this influence to enlarge its role in the Economic sector.This was the inception of a "Welfare state" which began in the mid-thirties as the Government became active in its industrial ventures.The saving of the national economy was a cause shared by all the affectees of the war.The traditional 19th-century liberalism was in shambles now and the concept self-interest being a social good was rejected as plain selfish and Unjust. One of the key leaders of this movement Prime Minister Attlee once remarked that the capitalism and self-interest was "a pathetic faith resting on no foundation of experience." The new Britain as envisaged by its labourite perceivers would be a promised land where past mistakes would never be repeated and the government would take responsibility for its people. The Beveridge Report was prepared by a government-appointed commission during World War II under William Beveridge, a former economist, and bureaucrat.The aim of this report was to slay the "five giants" of Want, Disease, Ignorance, Squalor, and Idleness.The report generated worldwide controversy particularly in the Soviet and German circles, as Britain braced its role as a welfare state.The Beveridge report played a pivotal role in the setting up of free medical care(the modern day NHS), promoted the idea of pensions and welfare education and housing and unemployment benefits

Singapore English

Singapore English Introduction The range of domains and depth of use of English are closely related to the degree and manner of nativization in a non native variety. For the second category of users, however, the use of English is restricted to international purposes and the elite of societies in certain very specific domains like academic discussions and publications. The Singapore award-winning poet, Edwin Thumboo, expresses: We were very conscious of writing in English but not writing in England. We had to domesticate the English Language, give it a local habitation. For instance, I have never published a poem about a nightingale. But, of course, you cannot substitute one bird for another; you have to make the language your own. We were looking for an identity while using English to express it. (The Straits Times, 1989, November 1) Countries are institutionalized varieties, which have developed over an extended period of time and are now used in many domains. In his arguments for recognizing these varieties, Kachru says that non-native users of English have internalizations which are linked to their own multilinguistic, sociolinguistic and sociocultural contexts (B. B. Kachru, 1991, p. 5). The varieties differ from native varieties, in range and depth of their nativized features. The deviations from native norms occur at almost all linguistic levels -phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, style and discourse, and they are systematic and productive. These latter varieties of non-native English (or new English (for examples of non-native English, see (Moag, 1982), as they have been called recently, have been accorded status by both native and non-native speakers and have received much attention from linguists, educators and writers. Some linguists have gone to the extent of advocating use of the educated nativized variety of English as the standard for teaching (Tay Gupta 1983; Gupta 1986). Historical Background of English in Singapore and Malaysia Any historical discussion on Singapore, especially relating to the period before its independence in 1965, is almost always linked to historical development in Malaysia. This is inevitable as Singapore was one of the Straits Settlements in British Malaya and, in 1963, it became a political component of the independent Malaysia. Therefore, until its separation from Malaysia in 1965, Singapore and Malaysia constituted a single political entity. The establishment of British settlements in Penang (1786) and Singapore (1819) and the British take-over of Malacca in 1824 from the Dutch in Great Britains attempt to control access to the Straits of Malacca, essential to its tea trade with China, mark the beginning of the influx of immigrants and the development of large and diverse speech communities in Malaya. The increasing British influence on the Malay Peninsula coincided with the further influx of large groups of Chinese from the south-eastern provinces of China and the Tamil-speaking Indians from South India. This was a result of increased production of tin and, at the beginning of twentieth century, the establishment of the rubber industry (Platt Weber, 1980). Platt and Weber note that by the twentieth century there had developed in the British Straits Settlements and the Malay States a series of complex communities consisting not only of ethnic subgroups speaking their own native languages and dialects but also belonging to different social classes and backgrounds and engaged in different forms of employment (Platt Weber, 1980, p. 4). At the beginning of nineteenth century, British interests in Malaya and the Straits Settlements expanded, and it was clear to some members of non European ethnic groups that English was an important, powerful language. It was the language of the colonial masters; it was the language of government and administration, and it was used extensively in the judiciary. Thus, a good command of the language was certainly an asset. However, with the rapid expansion of their interests in the region, the British soon saw the need for a group of English-educated non-Europeans who could assist them in their duties. They thus authorized the establishment of private secular mission-supported schools in the Straits Settlements at the beginning of the nineteenth century (for a brief account of the history of English education from 1819 to after 1978, see Chua, 1990). These schools were at first available only to children from the well-to-do families of the different ethnic groups but later medium families were able to use these education. These English-educated school children would use English at home with their neighbors who also attended English-medium schools. Their younger siblings, being impressed by the new language, also acquired some English even before starting school. Thus, the use of English spread from the school domain to the home domain, and later, to the employment and friendship domains (Platt Weber, 1980). It is thus clear that unlike some other varieties of English, Singapore-Malaysian English has developed through education. Some varieties of English like American English, Australian English, Canadian English, New Zealand English, etc. have evolved in a natural way because of mixing of settlers over a period of time, while others like creoles have developed though pidgin English (Platt Weber, 1980). The post-colonial era in the history of Malaysia and Singapore is marked by two major political changes. One was the independence of Malaya in 1957 from British rule, followed by the formation of Malaysia incorporating the Federation of Malaya, the crown states of Sabah and Sarawak and the then self-overned Singapore in 1963. The other was the separation of Singapore from the political union of Malaysia in 1965.These political changes have had an immense influence on the spread and use of English in Malaysia and Singapore. English spread in Singapore Unlike Malaysia, where the use of English is gradually decreasing, Singapore has seen an expansion in its use. This is mainly due to increased enrollments in English-medium schools (Doraisamy ,1969).At the end of 1983, when the Ministry of Education decided that all schools, starting from January 1984, would be gradually converted into National Stream schools and English will be taught as first language. However, as more people are educated in English and with fewer people speaking Malay, English is slowly replacing Malay as the language for inter-ethnic communication, especially among the younger generation (for discussions on interethnic communication, see Platt Weber, 1980, and Tay1982a) . As English is now the common language in all schools we can thus assume that it will play an even more important role in international domains like trade, diplomacy, cultural exchange, conferences and intranational domains such as government administration, law, education, home and friendship communication in the near future. The widespread use of English within the nation itself inevitably means that English has gone through the process called indigenization (Moag Moag, 1977; Moag, 1982; Richards, 1979a) or nativization (B. B. Kachru, 1983a). To use B. B. Kachrus words (B. B. Kachru, 1982b), English has been transplanted from its source country (Britain) and acculturated to the local environment. What this means is that certain features in native British English have been permanently modified in view of the new cultural setting in Singapore which involves the interplay of the distinct ethnic cultures of Malays, Indians, and Chinese. These features manifest themselves in the phonology, lexis, syntax, semantics and styles of discourse in Singapore English. Therefore, when Singaporean English users speak or write English, there are telling signs that distinguish them from native English speakers or writers from Britain, America, Australia or New Zealand, although educated Singaporean speakers or writers have little problem making themselves understood. What are the features that distinguish the English of Singaporeans from that of, for example, the Englishmen or Americans? Characteristics and features of Singapore English The pioneering work done on Singapore and Malaysian English is the book by Tongue entitled The English of Singapore and Malaysia (1974). The book contains useful data on the phonology, syntax and lexis of Singapore English but it lacks theoretical foundation. The data are categorized under the dichotomy of standard and sub-standard forms. Some of the sub-standard forms given are actually not wrong but used in the variety of English. More importantly, Singaporean English is not treated as a system on its own, and the sociolinguistic contexts surrounding the use of sub-standard forms are not considered. Crewes works (1977, 1978a, 1978b, 1979) reflect his purist attitudes towards Singapore English. He regards Singapore English as a foreign language and implies that the English-educated Singaporean is a helpless and pitiable person. Later, Crewe came forward with the book British English and Singapore English.Exercises in Awareness (Crewe, 1979). The book claims to help Singaporeans to get rid of â€Å"Singaporeanisms† with a series of exercises where individual sentences have to be corrected so as to make them look more like British English. A more scholarly and systematic treatment of Singapore and Malaysian English is by Platt and Weber in their book entitled English in Singapore and Malaysia (1980). Using the methods of statistical correlation designed by Labov (1972a, 1972b), they observe that there is a direct correlation between the degree and frequency of divergence from Standard British English and variables such as formality, topic, domain and relationship of interlocutors. They looked at Singapore English as a system. Singapore English have been discussed from different views and therefore variety of characteristics and features have been mentioned and discussed. This study covers parts of these characteristics. Rythem: Deterding (Deterding, 2001; Deterding, Brown, Low, 2005) investigated the contrasting rhythmic properties of two varieties of English: Singapore English, which is often described as syllable-timed, and British English, which is more usually assumed to be stress-timed. Deterings (2001) study showed that there is a significantly greater variability in this measure of syllable-to-syllable duration for British English, which supports previous indications that, by comparison, Singapore English might indeed be regarded as being more syllable-timed. Additionally, it was found that there is little evidence of the influence of speaking rate on the measured differences in rhythm, but there is some evidence that the greater frequency of reduced syllables with a schwa in British English contributes to the difference between the two varieties. Grammar: Difference between Singapore and British English grammar has been discussed by scholars (Deterding, Low, Brown, 2003; Lim, 2004). †¢ Verbs:Verb generally appears in an uninflected form (Wee, 2004).For example, as Wee shows, â€Å"the verb eat is not marked for tense or number. Because the verb are uninflected, time and aspectual information are conveyed via words (using words like yesterday or already). o A.He eat here yesterday o B. He not yet eat lunch o C. They eat already Aspect is marked via forms like always, already or still. Thus, always is used to mark habituality o The bus always late The progressive aspect is marked by still o Late already, you still eat. Be and got: Platt and Weber (1980) noted that Singapore English clauses that are attributive or equative tend not to use the verb be o The house very nice The verb got is used variously in Singapore English as a perfective, a possessive, and an existentional marker o He got go to Japan o You got buy lottery? o You got nice shirt o Here got many people †¢ Nouns: As Wee (2004) mentioned: â€Å"Within the noun phrase, Singaporean tends to make use of articles. It treats non count nouns and its relstive clauses are ordered rather differently than their counterparts in more standard varieties of English†(p. 1058) †¢ Objects: Object preposing is another characteristic of Singapore English. â€Å"The object, (direct or indirect) is commonly preposed, giving rise to example like following†: o To my sister sometimes I speak English o The movie dont know whether good or not †¢ Question forming:† In wh-interrogatives, the interrogative pronoun typically remains in situ†(Wee, 2004, p. 1063) o You buy what? o This bus go where? For yes/no questions, they make use of the invariant tag is it. It also has another tag or not o The food good or not? o You busy or not? †¢ The passive:† Singaporean use kena passive phrase† (Wee, 2004, p. 1064) o The thief kena caught (by the police) †¢ Adjective reduplication: â€Å"Adjective reduplication in Singapore English intensifies the meaning of the base adjective†: o Dont always eat sweet-sweet (very sweet) things. La and Lah: These two Variables perform an important part in Singapore English and are interesting topics for linguistic experts. For instance, findings from Bell and Ser (1983) concluded that: â€Å"The existence of strict rules governing the occurrence of La not only in sentences but also inside the structure of noun phrases and verb phrases. La demonstrates the value of solidarity, friendship, a reduction of social distance between participants, in contrast with Lah dignals hostility and social distancing function†(p.17) References Bell, R. T., Ser, L. P. Q. (1983). To-day la? Tomorrow lah!; the LA Particle in Singapore English. RELC Journal, 14(2), 1-18. Deterding, D. (2001). The measurement of rhythm: a comparison of Singapore and British English. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 217-230. Deterding, D., Brown, A., Low, E. L. (2005). English in Singapore : phonetic research on a corpus. Singapore ; New York: McGraw Hill. Deterding, D., Low, E. L., Brown, A. (2003). English in Singapore : research on grammar. Singapore ; New York: McGraw Hill. Lim, L. (2004). Singapore English : a grammatical description. Amsterdam ; Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Platt, J. T., Weber, H. (1980). English in Singapore and Malaysia : status, features, functions. Kuala Lumpur ; New York: Oxford University Press. Wee, L. (2004). Singapore English: morphology and syntax. In E. W. Schneider B. Kortmann (Eds.), A handbook of varieties of English : a multimedia reference tool. Berlin ; New York: Mouton de Gruyter.